what term refers to the placement of material into memory
8.4 Means to Enhance Memory
Learning Objectives
By the stop of this section, you lot volition be able to:
- Recognize and apply retentivity-enhancing strategies
- Recognize and utilize effective report techniques
Most of u.s.a. endure from retentivity failures of 1 kind or another, and nigh of united states of america would like to improve our memories so that nosotros don't forget where nosotros put the car keys or, more importantly, the material we need to know for an exam. Of class it is impossible to remember everything that has happened to you exactly as it had originally played out. The previous department specifically emphasized examples of how memory can be distorted and in some cased completely fabricated. In this section, we'll await at some ways to help you remember ameliorate, and at some strategies for more effective studying.
Retentiveness-ENHANCING STRATEGIES
What are some everyday means we can better our memory, including recall? To help make sure information goes from short-term memory to long-term memory, you can use memory-enhancing strategies. One strategy isrehearsal, or the conscious repetition of information to be remembered (Craik & Watkins, 1973). Call up well-nigh how you learned your multiplication tables as a child. You may recollect that 6 x 6 = 36, 6 10 7 = 42, and 6 ten 8 = 48. Memorizing these facts is rehearsal.
Another strategy is chunking: you lot organize information into manageable bits or chunks (Bodie, Powers, & Fitch-Hauser, 2006). Chunking is useful when trying to recall information similar dates and phone numbers. Instead of trying to remember 5205550467, yous recall the number as 520-555-0467. So, if you met an interesting person at a party and you wanted to think his phone number, yous would naturally chunk it, and y'all could repeat the number over and over, which is the rehearsal strategy.
Attempt this fun activity that employs a memory-enhancing strategy.
You lot could too enhance retentivity past using elaborative rehearsal: a technique in which yous think near the significant of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory (Tigner, 1999). For instance, in this example, you could recollect that 520 is an expanse code for Arizona and the person you met is from Arizona. This would assistance y'all better remember the 520 prefix. If the data is retained, information technology goes into long-term memory.
Mnemonic devices are memory aids that help usa organize information for encoding. They are especially useful when we want to recall larger bits of data such as steps, stages, phases, and parts of a system (Bellezza, 1981). Brian needs to learn the social club of the planets in the solar system, only he's having a hard time remembering the correct order. His friend Kelly suggests a mnemonic device that can help him remember. Kelly tells Brian to simply remember the proper name Mr. VEM J. SUN, and he can hands recall the correct order of the planets:One thousandercury,Venus,Due eastarth,Gars,Jupiter,Saturn,Uranus, andDue northeptune. You might utilise a mnemonic device to help you remember someone's proper noun, a mathematical formula, or the order of mathematical operations.
This is a knuckle mnemonic to help you remember the number of days in each calendar month. Months with 31 days are represented past the protruding duke and shorter months fall in the spots betwixt knuckles. (credit: modification of work by Cory Zanker)
If you have ever watched the idiot box showModern Family, you might have seen Phil Dunphy explain how he remembers names:
The other day I met this guy named Carl. At present, I might forget that name, but he was wearing a Grateful Dead t-shirt. What's a band like the Grateful Dead? Phish. Where practise fish live? The ocean. What else lives in the ocean? Coral. Hello, Co-arl. (Wrubel & Spiller, 2010)
It seems the more vivid or unusual the mnemonic, the easier information technology is to remember. The primal to using any mnemonic successfully is to find a strategy that works for you.
Another strategies that are used to improve memory include expressive writing and saying words aloud. Expressive writing helps heave your short-term memory, particularly if you write about a traumatic experience in your life. Masao Yogo and Shuji Fujihara (2008) had participants write for 20-minute intervals several times per month. The participants were instructed to write almost a traumatic experience, their best possible future selves, or a petty topic. The researchers found that this uncomplicated writing chore increased short-term retentiveness capacity subsequently five weeks, but merely for the participants who wrote most traumatic experiences. Psychologists tin can't explain why this writing task works, but information technology does.
What if y'all want to remember items y'all need to pick upward at the store? Simply say them out loud to yourself. A series of studies (MacLeod, Gopie, Hourihan, Neary, & Ozubko, 2010) found that saying a give-and-take out loud improves your retentivity for the word considering it increases the discussion'south distinctiveness. Feel airheaded, saying random grocery items aloud? This technique works every bit well if you just rima oris the words. Using these techniques increased participants' memory for the words by more than ten%. These techniques can besides exist used to help you study.
In some of the previous sections, depth of processing has been discussed to suggest that information that is encoded in a deeper way by associating the data to exist remembered with something that is important to you on a personal level or personally identifying with the information can create a stronger trace for the data to be subsequently recalled (Craik & Tulving, 1975). Farther studies implementing these theories in terms of enhancing retention have demonstrated that past encoding the data with an emotional valence, the data may be efficiently recalled and the memory trace may be more bright allowing for more details to be accurately remembered (Kensigner & Corkin, 2003). Comparing memory for neutrally valence words compared to words encoded with a negative valence indicated that participants were statistically more probable to accurately call back words with a valence or emotional arousal associated. Additionally, words that were encoded with both emotional arousal (words related to cultural taboos) and negative valence were more than accurate and had higher retrieve rates compared to words with merely emotional valence. This suggests that systems in the encephalon that create emotional responses such equally the amygdala and hypothalamus can be recruited by attaching emotional reactions to information to be remembered in order to enhance encoding procedures and build a stronger trace for later recollect.
HOW TO STUDY Finer
Based on the data presented in this chapter, here are some strategies and suggestions to help you lot hone your study techniques. The central with any of these strategies is to effigy out what works best for you.
Memory techniques can exist useful when studying for grade. (credit: Barry Pousman)
- Utilise elaborative rehearsal: In a famous article, Craik and Lockhart (1972) discussed their conventionalities that information nosotros process more than deeply goes into long-term memory. Their theory is called levels of processing. If we want to remember a piece of information, nosotros should think near it more deeply and link it to other information and memories to make it more meaningful. For example, if we are trying to remember that the hippocampus is involved with retentiveness processing, we might envision a hippopotamus with excellent retention and so we could better retrieve the hippocampus.
- Utilize the self-reference upshot: As you go through the process of elaborative rehearsal, it would exist even more beneficial to make the textile you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you. In other words, make employ of the self-reference outcome. Write notes in your own words. Write definitions from the text, and and then rewrite them in your own words. Chronicle the material to something y'all have already learned for another course, or call up how you tin apply the concepts to your own life. When y'all do this, y'all are building a spider web of retrieval cues that will assistance yous access the cloth when you want to retrieve it.
- Don't forget the forgetting curve: As y'all know, the information you learn drops off rapidly with fourth dimension. Even if you lot think you lot know the material, study it over again right before examination fourth dimension to increase the likelihood the information will remain in your retention. Overlearning can help foreclose storage disuse.
- Rehearse, rehearse, rehearse: Review the material over fourth dimension, in spaced and organized report sessions. Organize and study your notes, and take exercise quizzes/exams. Link the new information to other information you already know well.
- Exist aware of interference: To reduce the likelihood of interference, study during a quiet fourth dimension without interruptions or distractions (like television or music).
- Go along moving: Of class you already know that exercise is good for your trunk, but did y'all also know it's also practiced for your mind? Research suggests that regular aerobic exercise (anything that gets your heart charge per unit elevated) is benign for memory (van Praag, 2008). Aerobic do promotes neurogenesis: the growth of new brain cells in the hippocampus, an area of the encephalon known to play a office in memory and learning.
- Get plenty sleep: While you are sleeping, your encephalon is withal at work. During slumber the encephalon organizes and consolidates data to be stored in long-term retentivity (Abel & Bäuml, 2013).
- Brand utilize of mnemonic devices: As y'all learned earlier in this affiliate, mnemonic devices often help the states to recollect and recall information. At that place are different types of mnemonic devices, such as the acronym. An acronym is a word formed by the start alphabetic character of each of the words you desire to call back. For example, even if y'all live near ane, you might accept difficulty recalling the names of all five Slap-up Lakes. What if I told y'all to think of the word Homes? HOMES is an acronym that represents Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, and Superior: the v Great Lakes. Another type of mnemonic device is an acrostic: you make a phrase of all the first letters of the words. For example, if yous are taking a math test and you lot are having difficulty rememberingthe club of operations, recalling the following sentence will help you lot: "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Emerge," because the social club of mathematical operations is Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction. In that location besides are jingles, which are rhyming tunes that contain key words related to the concept, such asi earlier east, except after c.
THE METHOD OF LOCI – CREATING INSTRUCTIONS TO Aid Retentivity RETRIEVAL
The World Retentivity Competitions correspond a series of events where people from all over the globe compete in ten dissimilar disciplines of retention in order to memorize equally much information equally possible inside a given period of fourth dimension and so are judged on what they are able to remember and the accuracy of their memory. One of the key strategies individuals have reported using in order to main their encoding power and compete with some of the worlds leading memory performers is known equally the method of loci, a strategy of memory enhancement which uses visualizations, spatial memory, and familiarity with the surroundings to speedily and efficiently recall information. Likewise known equally the memory journeying, memory palace, or the memory palace technique, this mnemonic device dates back to ancient Greece and Rome where orators and story tellers would utilize this method to memorize grandiose speeches and pass down epic stories through oral history such as the Homer's Iliad and The Odyssey. The method of loci is an imaging technique where a person memorizes the layout of a edifice or some surroundings they are familiar with, and data that is needed to be remembered is arranged throughout the surroundings. The person trying to recall the information then uses this spatial map they accept created to mentally walk through the surroundings to encounter each slice of data along the mode. This mnemonic has been widely used throughout the history of humans and modern brain imaging techniques have demonstrated activation of areas of the encephalon related to spatial retention during method of loci recall including the medial prefrontal cortex and areas of the posterior hippocampus (Maguire et al., 2003). Additionally recent inquiry using virtual reality has demonstrated that the method of loci appears to be as useful in environments that are novel compared to familiar, as well every bit extremely detailed compared to less detailed (Legge et al., 2012). Additionally the method of loci was demonstrated to exist effective for participants that had previously been naive to the technique compared to participants that did not use the method of loci. Overall, the method of loci represents a historically practiced and scientifically validated technique which can create a stronger process of encoding and atomic number 82 to more authentic and efficient data recall.
SUMMARY
In that location are many ways to gainsay the inevitable failures of our memory organization. Some mutual strategies that can be used in everyday situations include mnemonic devices, rehearsal, self-referencing, and adequate slumber. These same strategies also can assistance you to report more effectively.
References:
Openstax Psychology text by Kathryn Dumper, William Jenkins, Arlene Lacombe, Marilyn Lovett and Marion Perlmutter licensed under CC BY v4.0. https://openstax.org/details/books/psychology
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Exercises
Review Questions:
ane. When you are learning how to play the piano, the statement "Every adept boy does fine" tin can aid you remember the notes Eastward, G, B, D, and F for the lines of the treble clef. This is an case of a (an) ________.
a. jingle
b. acronym
c. acrostic
d. acoustic
ii. According to a study by Yogo and Fujihara (2008), if you want to amend your short-term memory, you should spend time writing most ________.
your best possible future cocky
a. a traumatic life experience
b. a piffling topic
c. your grocery list
iii. The self-referencing upshot refers to ________.
a. making the cloth you are trying to memorize personally meaningful to you lot
b. making a phrase of all the get-go letters of the words you are trying to memorize
c. making a word formed by the first letter of the alphabet of each of the words yous are trying to memorize
d. saying words yous want to think out loud to yourself
four. What blazon of memory enhancer requires you to organize units into manageable units?
a. rehearsal
b. chunking
c. elaborative rehearsal
d. none of the above
5. Memory aids that assist organize data for encoding are ________.
a. mnemonic devices
b. memory-enhancing strategies
c. elaborative rehearsal
d. effortful processing
Disquisitional Thinking Questions:
i. What is the self-reference effect, and how can it assistance you lot study more than finer?
two. You and your roommate spent all of final night studying for your psychology test. Yous think y'all know the material; nevertheless, y'all suggest that you written report over again the side by side morning an hour prior to the test. Your roommate asks y'all to explain why you call back this is a skillful idea. What do y'all tell her?
3. Draw three different ways you lot could enhance your retentivity when studying for an exam. Which strategies do you lot think are more than effective in enhancing memory than others?
Personal Application Questions:
ane. Create a mnemonic device to assistance you lot recall a term or concept from this chapter.
2. What is an effective study technique that you have used? How is it similar to/dissimilar from the strategies suggested in this chapter?
Glossary:
chunking
elaborative rehearsal
levels of processing
retentiveness-enhancing strategy
mnemonic device
Answers to Exercises
Review Questions:
i. C
2. B
three. A
4. B
v. A
Critical Thinking Questions:
i. The cocky-reference effect is the tendency an individual to have better memory for data that relates to oneself than information that is not personally relevant. You can utilize the self-reference effect to relate the material to something you accept already learned for another class, or think how you can apply the concepts to your life. When you lot do this, you are building a spider web of retrieval cues that will help you admission the material when yous desire to remember information technology.
2. Yous remind her well-nigh Ebbinghaus'southward forgetting curve: the data you learn drops off rapidly with time. Even if you lot think yous know the fabric, you should study information technology again correct earlier exam fourth dimension to increase the likelihood the data will remain in your memory. Overlearning can help foreclose storage disuse.
Glossary:
chunking: organizing information into manageable bits or chunks
elaborative rehearsal: thinking about the significant of the new data and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory
levels of processing: information that is thought of more than securely becomes more meaningful and thus ameliorate committed to retention
memory-enhancing strategy: technique to help make certain information goes from short-term retentivity to long-term memory
mnemonic device: memory aids that help organize information for encoding
Source: https://opentext.wsu.edu/psych105/chapter/8-5-ways-to-enhance-memory/
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